검색 상세

Surface and Composition Engineered Chalcogenide Quantum Dots for Enhanced Optoelectronic and Energy Performance

초록/요약

This study focuses on the systematic investigation of Ag- and Cu-based ternary metal chalcogenide nanocrystals (NCs), which have recently emerged as versatile candidates for optoelectronic and energy materials due to their broad compositional tunability, adjustable band structures, and strong structural stability derived from mixed covalent–ionic bonding. Their flexible electronic configurations allow precise control over carrier concentration, charge-transfer dynamics, and catalytic activity, while maintaining environmental compatibility through the use of earth- abundant, low-toxicity elements. Despite these advantages, studies that address interfacial design and compositional control in Ag- and Cu-based chalcogenides remain scarce, and consequently, a comprehensive understanding of how these factors govern their structural and functional properties is still limited. In this study, representative Ag- and Cu-based systems were investigated to elucidate how interfacial engineering and partial cation exchange can be employed to tailor their optical, electrical, and catalytic characteristics. Part 1 investigates Ag-based ternary metal chalcogenides for optoelectronic applications. In Chapter 1, AgInZnS/CdS/ZnS core–intershell–shell quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized to improve photoluminescence and electroluminescence stability. The introduction of a CdS interlayer between the AgInZnS core and ZnS shell effectively suppressed Zn interdiffusion and interfacial reactions, leading to the formation of a uniform 2.9 nm ZnS shell. The resulting QDs exhibited a photoluminescence quantum yield of 87.5 % and an external quantum efficiency of 9.6 % at 645 nm, demonstrating that interfacial engineering, rather than compositional alteration, is crucial for achieving long-term emission stability in Ag- based QDs. In Chapter 2, AgBiS₂ AgBiSe₂ were synthesized through cation-exchange transformation from Ag₂S, Ag₂Se and incorporated into photovoltaic absorber layers using an aerosol-assisted deposition method. Thickness-controlled films (40–600 nm) yielded optimized solar-cell devices with VOC = 0.78 V, JSC = 2.74 mA cm⁻², and PCE = 1.32 %, indicating that film morphology and interface quality are the dominant factors influencing device performance. Part 2 explores Cu-based ternary metal chalcogenides for energy applications via compositional control and comprises Chapters 3–4. In Chapter 3, partial Fe substitution in Cu2-xS via cation exchange yielded CuFeS2 nanocrystal films exhibiting metallic conductivity above 10⁴ S cm⁻¹ and a power factor of 1.2 mW m⁻¹ K⁻² at 300 K. Temperature-dependent transport confirmed metallic conduction, and the films maintained stability under ambient conditions, validating Cu-Fe-S as a solution-processable thermoelectric material combining high conductivity and robustness. In Chapter 4, amorphous Cu–Ni–S nanocrystals were synthesized via partial cation exchange from Cu2-xS precursors to investigate their electrocatalytic activity. Compositional tuning led to pronounced structural changes, including amorphization and particle size reduction at high Ni content. The Ni-rich sample achieved an overpotential of ~335 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² in 1 M KOH, demonstrating excellent OER performance. This enhancement is attributed to the amorphous structure, Ni active sites, and intrinsic vacancies in the Cu–Ni–S. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that interfacial engineering in Ag-based systems and controlled cation exchange in Cu-based systems provide complementary strategies to modulate optical, electrical, and catalytic functionalities in ternary metal chalcogenides. This unified understanding establishes general design principles for the development of multifunctional, environmentally benign nanomaterials applicable to optoelectronic, thermoelectric, and electrochemical energy-conversion technologies.

more

초록/요약

본 연구에서는 Ag 및 Cu 기반 삼원계 금속 칼코제나이드 나노결정을 체계적으로 분석하였습니다. 이들 물질은 조성 조절 범위가 넓고 밴드 구조를 정밀하게 제어할 수 있으며, 공유–이온 혼성 결합으로 인해 높은 구조적 안정성을 나타내기 때문에 광전자 및 에너지 소재 분야에서 중요한 후보군으로 여겨집니다. 또한 비교적 저독성·지구부존 원소를 기반으로 하여 환경적 부담이 적고, 전자 구조가 유연해 전하 농도, 전하 이동 특성, 촉매 활성 등을 정밀하게 조절할 수 있습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 Ag·Cu 기반 칼코제나이드에서 계면 구조와 조성 제어가 구조적·기능적 특성에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대한 연구는 충분히 이루어지지 않았습니다. 이에 본 연구에서는 대표적인 Ag·Cu 기반 시스템을 대상으로, 계면 공학과 부분 양이온 교환을 활용하여 광학적·전기적·촉매적 특성을 조절하는 방법을 규명하였습니다. Ag 기반 삼원계 칼코제나이드를 다룬 첫 번째 파트에서는, Chapter 1에서 AgInZnS/CdS/ZnS 코어–인터쉘–쉘 구조의 양자점을 설계하여 발광 안정성을 향상시키고자 하였습니다. AgInZnS 코어와 ZnS 쉘 사이에 CdS 층을 삽입함으로써 Zn 이온 확산과 계면 반응이 억제되었고, 2.9 nm 두께의 균일한 ZnS 쉘 성장이 가능해졌습니다. 그 결과, 합성된 양자점은 87.5%의 PLQY와 645 nm에서 9.6%의 EQE를 나타내었으며, 조성 변화보다 계면 설계가 장기 발광 안정성 확보에 더 중요한 요소임을 확인하였습니다. Chapter 2에서는 Ag₂S 및 Ag₂Se로부터 Bi³⁺ 양이온 교환을 통해 AgBiS₂와 AgBiSe₂를 합성한 뒤, 에어로졸 보조 증착법(aerosol-assisted deposition)을 이용하여 광흡수층 박막을 제작하였습니다. 40–600 nm 범위에서 두께 제어가 가능하였고, VOC = 0.78 V, JSC = 2.74 mA cm⁻², PCE = 1.32%의 성능을 얻었습니다. 이를 통해 박막의 미세구조와 계면 품질이 소자 성능에 큰 영향을 미친다는 점을 확인하였습니다. Cu 기반 삼원계 칼코제나이드를 다룬 두 번째 파트는 Chapters 3,4로 구성됩니다. Chapter 3에서는 Cu2-xS에 Fe를 부분적으로 치환하는 양이온 교환을 통해 CuFeS₂ 나노결정 박막을 제조하였습니다. Cu 결손과 소량의 Fe 치환이 함께 작용하여 밴드 중첩과 높은 정공 농도가 형성되었고, 그 결과 금속적 전도 특성을 갖는 Cu–Fe–S가 형성되었습니다. 제작된 박막은 300 K에서 10⁴ S cm⁻¹ 이상의 전도도와 1.2 mW m⁻¹ K⁻²의 파워 팩터를 보였으며, 장시간 대기 안정성도 확보하여 용액 공정 기반 열전 및 전극 소재로서 활용 가능성을 확인하였습니다. Chapter 4에서는 Cu2-xS로부터 부분 양이온 교환을 통해 비정질 Cu–Ni–S 나노결정을 합성하였습니다. 높은 Ni 함량에서 비정질화, 격자 재구성, 입자 크기 감소가 발생했으며, Ni가 풍부한 조성은 1 M KOH에서 약 335 mV(10 mA cm⁻² 기준)의 낮은 OER 과전압을 나타냈습니다. 이는 비정질 구조, Ni 기반 활성점, Cu2-xS 유래 결함 특성이 상호적으로 작용한 결과입니다. 종합적으로, 본 연구는 Ag 기반 시스템에서는 계면 구조의 정밀 제어가, Cu 기반 시스템에서는 조성 조절과 부분 양이온 교환이 삼원계 칼코제나이드의 광학·전기·촉매 특성을 조정하는 핵심 전략임을 확인하였습니다. 본 연구에서 도출된 결과는 환경적 부담이 적고 용액 공정이 가능한 칼코제나이드 소재의 설계 원리를 제시하며, 향후 광전자, 열전, 전기화학적 에너지 변환 기술에 적용할 수 있는 기반을 마련한다는 점에서 의의가 있습니다.

more

목차

PART 1. Introduction 1
1. Quantum Dots 2
1.1. Definition of Quantum dots 2
1.2. Types of Quantum Dots 4
1.3. Core/Shell Structure 5
2. Ternary Metal Chalcogenides Quantum Dots 6
2.1. Definition and Classification of Metal Chalcogenides 6
2.2. Ag–and Cu–Based Ternary Metal Chalcogenides 7
2.3. Synthesis Methods 9
2.3.1. One-Pot Synthesis 9
2.3.2. Cation-exchange Method 11
2.4. Applications 13
PART 2. Ag-Based Ternary Metal Chalcogenides for Optoelectronic Applications 15
Chapter 1. Enhanced Stability and Highly Bright Electroluminescence of AgInZnS/CdS/ZnS Quantum Dots through Complete Isolation of Core and Shell via a CdS Interlayer 16
1. Introduction 17
2. Experiment section. 19
2.1. Materials 19
2.2. Characterizations 19
2.3. Synthesis of AgInZnS NPs 20
2.4. Synthesis of AgInZnS/CdS NPs 20
2.5. Synthesis of AgInZnS/CdS/ZnS NPs 21
2.6. Synthesis of ZnMgO NPs 21
2.7. Device Fabrication 22
2.8. Device Characterization 22
3. Results and discussion 23
3.1. Effects of Shell Growth on Optical Characteristics of AIZS QDs 23
3.2. Effects of Shell Growth on Structural Properties of AIZS QDs 27
3.3. Electroluminescence Performance of AIZS/CdS/ZnS QDs 31
4. Conclusions 38
Chapter 2. Cation-exchange synthesis of AgBiS2 and AgBiSe2 quantum dots: A scalable strategy for large-area solar absorbers 39
1. Introduction 40
2. Experiment section 42
2.1. Materials 42
2.2. Characterization 42
2.3. Synthesis of Ag2S and Ag2Se Quantum Dots 43
2.4. Process of cation exchange treatment 43
2.5. Preparation of AgBiS2 QDs solution 43
2.6. Fabrication of AgBiS2 QD deposited film 44
3. Results and discussion 45
3.1. Synthesis and characterization of QD 45
3.2. Device fabrication and measurement 52
4. Conclusions 60
PART 3. Cu-Based Ternary Metal Chalcogenides for Energy Applications via Composition Control 61
Chapter 3. Remarkable Electrical Conductivity Increase and Pure Metallic Properties from Semiconducting Colloidal Nanocrystals by Cation Exchange for Solution-Processable Optoelectronic Applications 62
1. Introduction 63
2. Experiment section 66
2.1. Materials 66
2.2. Material Characterization 66
2.3. Device Characterizations 67
2.4. Synthesis of Cu2-xS NCs 67
2.5. Synthesis of Cu-Fe-S NCs 68
2.6. Film Preparation and Device Fabrication 68
2.7. DFT Calculation 69
3. Results and discussion 70
3.1. Structural and Optical Changes Induced by Fe Cation Exchange 70
3.2. Electrical Transport Properties 82
4. Conclusions 105
Chapter 4. Novel Amorphous and Compositionally Tunable Cu–Ni–S Quantum Dots Synthesized via Cation Exchange for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction 106
1. Introduction 107
2. Experiment section 110
2.1. Materials 110
2.2. Characterization 110
2.3. Synthesis of Cu2-xS Nanocrystals 111
2.4. Synthesis of Cu-Ni-S Quantum Dots via Cation Exchange 111
2.5. Device Fabrication 112
3. Results and discussion 113
3.1. Structural and Optical Evolution Induced by Ni Cation Exchange 113
3.2. Electrochemical Performance in OER 120
4. Conclusions 122
PART 4. Conclusions 123
1. Conclusions 124
PART 5. References 126
1. Part 1 127
2. Chapter 1 131
3. Chapter 2 135
4. Chapter 3 138
5. Chapter 4 146
Abstract in Korean 149

more