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Development of a certified reference material for pyrethrins using a mass balance approach

초록/요약

Pesticides contribute significantly to increasing global food production and maintaining food quality. However, growing concerns about their potential environmental and human health impacts have led to the enforcement of increasingly strict regulatory limits, such as maximum residue limits (MRLs). To ensure the accuracy and reliability of pesticide residue analysis under such regulations, the development of certified reference materials (CRMs) for pesticides has become a critical need. This study aimed to develop CRMs for pyrethrins, a naturally derived pesticide which consists of six target compounds including pyrethrin 1, pyrethrin 2, cinerin 1, cinerin 2, jasmolin 1, and jasmolin 2. The candidate CRM, concentrated pyrethrins prepared from commercial pyrethrum extract using silica gel column chromatography, was subdivided into vials, purged with argon in a glove box, and sealed for storage at -20 °C. The six target compounds were confirmed by LC-MS, and characterization, homogeneity test, stability study, and uncertainty estimation were carried out in accordance with ISO 35:2015. For the assessment of total content of six target compounds, the mass balance method was applied to quantify non- volatile organic impurities (HPLC-DAD), inorganic impurities (residue on ignition), water content (Karl-Fischer titration), and volatile organic impurities (GC-MS). The candidate CRM contained a higher level of pyrethrins than the commercial pyrethrum extract reagents as assessed by HPLC-DAD. The individual contents of six compounds were determined by HPLC-DAD and commercial pyrethrins CRM using the external standard method. Both total pyrethrins and six components in candidate CRM were homogeneous within and between vials as assessed by Grubb’s outlier test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In the short-term and long- term stability test, all components remained stable under all tested conditions as assessed by linear approximation and linear regression analysis. The uncertainties for total pyrethrins and each individual substance were estimated from the uncertainty sources of characterization, homogeneity, and stability, and combined to calculate the expanded uncertainties. As a result, the certified values and expanded uncertainties of the CRM were determined to be 98.58% ± 0.93% for total pyrethrins; 5.09% ± 0.36% for cinerin 2; 44.57% ± 0.90% for pyrethrin 2; 9.07% ± 0.81% for jasmolin 2; 5.38% ± 0.27% for cinerin 1; 27.45% ± 0.53% for pyrethrin 1; and 7.02% ± 0.41% for jasmolin 1. The pyrethrins CRM established in this study is expected to serve as a reliable reference for national testing institutes, supporting accurate quantification in pesticide residue analysis in the agricultural sector, and contributing to regulatory compliance and the establishment of institutional frameworks. Keywords Pyrethrins certified reference material; Mass balance method; Homogeneity; Stability; Uncertainty

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초록/요약

농약은 전 세계적으로 식품 생산량 증대와 식품 품질 확보에 기여하고 있으나, 환경과 인체에 대한 유해성이 지속적으로 제기되면서 최대 잔류 수준 (MRL) 등의 다양한 법적 규제가 강화되고 있다. 이러한 규제를 충족하기 위한 잔류농약 분석의 정확성 및 신뢰성 확보를 위해, 농약 인 증표준물질(CRM)의 개발이 필수적인 과제로 부각되고 있다. 본 연구는 천연 유래 농약인 pyrethrins에 대한 인증표준물질 (CRM)의 개발하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 후보 CRM은 바이알에 소분한 후 글러브 박스에서 아르곤 치환하여 포장하고, -20℃에서 보관하였다. 이후 LC-MS를 이 용하여 대상 물질을 확인하였으며, 특성화, 균질성 시험, 안정성 시험 및 불확도 추정은 ISO 35:2015에 따라 수행하였다. 특성화는 비휘발성 유 기 불순물(HPLC-DAD), 무기 불순물(강열잔분), 수분 함량(KarlFischer 적정법), 비휘발성 유기 불순물(GC-MS)을 각각 정량하여 mass balance 법에 따라 순도를 계산하였다. 비휘발성 유기불순물 분석 과 동일한 방법으로 후보 CRM과 두 종류의 상용 Pyrethrum extract 시약에서 대상 물질의 피크 면적을 비교한 결과, 후보 CRM이 상용 시 약보다 높은 수준의 pyrethrins를 함유하고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 동 일한 방법으로 외부표준물법을 이용하여 후보 CRM 내 6종 물질의 개별 함량 비율을 결정하였다. Grubb’s outlier test를 통해 이상치가 없음을 확인한 후, 일원배치 분산 분석(ANOVA)을 통해 pyrethrins와 6종 물 질 모두에 대해 병내 및 병간에서의 균질성이 확보되었음을 확인하였다. 타내었다. 가혹 조건과 가속 조건에서의 단기 및 장기 안정성 시험 결과 를 선형 근사법과 선형 회귀 분산분석법을 통해 통계적으로 분석한 결과, 모든 시험 조건에서 pyrethrins 및 개별 성분이 안정함을 확인하였다. 불확도는 pyrethrins와 6종의 물질에 대해 각각 구하였으며, 특성화, 균 질성, 안정성으로부터 pyrethrins와 6종 물질 각각의 불확도를 추정하고 이를 종합하여 확장 불확도를 계산하였다. 최종적으로 CRM의 순도와 확장 불확도는 pyrethrins (98.58% ± 0.93%), cinerin 2(5.09% ± 0.36%), pyrethrin 2 (44.57% ± 0.90%), jasmolin 2 (9.07% ± 0.81%), cinerin 1 (5.38% ± 0.27%), pyrethrin 1 (27.45% ± 0.53%), and jasmolin 1 (7.02% ± 0.41%)으로 결정되었다. 본 연구에 서 확립된 CRM은 국가 시험기관에 안정적으로 표준물질을 공급함으로 써 농업 분야의 잔류 농약 분석에서 정량 결과의 신뢰성을 확보하고, 관 련 법적 규제 대응과 제도적 기반 마련에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된 다.

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목차

1. Introduction 1
1.1. Impacts of pesticides on humans and their regulatory implications 1
1.2. Development of CRM using mass balance method 3
1.3. Pyrethrins 6
1.4. Objective of this study 7
2. Experimental 9
2.1. Reagents 9
2.2. Balance 9
2.3. Preparation of candidate CRM 10
2.4. Qualitative analysis using LC-MS 10
2.5. Packaging of candidate CRM 12
2.6. Characterization using mass balance method 12
2.6.1. Non-volatile organic impurity assay using HPLC-DAD 13
2.6.2. Inorganic impurity assay using residue on ignition 15
2.6.3. Moisture content assay using Karl-Fischer coulometric titration 16
2.6.4. Volatile organic impurity assay using GC-MS 17
2.7. Determination of relative abundance of each pyrethrin species in candidate CRM using HPLC-DAD 19
2.8. Purity Calculation 19
2.9. Comparison of candidate CRM with commercial pyrethrum reagents 20
2.10. Homogeneity test 21
2.11. Stability study 22
2.12. Uncertainty estimation 23
2.12.1. Uncertainty of characterization 23
2.12.2. Uncertainty of homogeneity 28
2.12.3. Uncertainty of stability 28
2.12.4. Combined uncertainty 30
2.12.5. Expanded uncertainty 30
3. Results and discussion 32
3.1. Qualitative analysis of candidate CRM 32
3.2. Comparison of candidate CRM with commercial pyrethrum extract reagents 35
3.3. Characterization using mass balance method 38
3.3.1. Determination of non-volatile organic impurities 38
3.3.2. Determination of volatile organic impurities 40
3.3.3. Determination of total purity 42
3.4. Determination of purities of each pyrethrin species in candidate CRM 44
3.5. Assessment of homogeneity 47
3.6. Assessment of stability 53
3.7. Uncertainty estimation 62
3.7.1. Uncertainty of characterization 62
3.7.2. Uncertainty of homogeneity 65
3.7.3. Uncertainty of stability 67
3.7.4. Combined uncertainty and expanded uncertainty 67
3.7.5. Purity and expanded uncertainty of pyrethrins CRM 69
4. Conclusion 71
Acknowledgement 72
References 73
국문 초록 75

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