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Defect-Engineered Semiconductor Materials for Enhanced Solar Desalination and Environmental Remediation

초록/요약

The global scarcity of potable water necessitates sustainable and efficient solutions. Interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) has emerged as a promising method to address water scarcity by leveraging advanced photothermal materials and localized heating. In addition, defect engineering plays a pivotal role in enhancing the photothermal properties of materials, such as light absorption, thermal confinement, and wettability, thereby significantly improving the efficiency of interfacial solar steam generation for sustainable desalination systems. Chapter 1: Global water scarcity threatens human survival and industrial growth, with only 1% of Earth's water accessible for use. Factors like urbanization, climate change, and pollution worsen the crisis, necessitating advanced purification technologies and sustainable water management strategies. Chapter 2: Desalination offers a critical solution, with over 15,000 facilities worldwide. The conventional reverse osmosis dominates other expensive desalination technologies due to its energy efficiency (~5 kWh/m³) but faces challenges like membrane fouling and environmental impacts. Renewable energy- powered desalination technologies is the key to sustainable freshwater production. Chapter 3: Mechanochemically activated Si demonstrates nanoscale cracks, low thermal conductivity, and high photon-to-heat conversion. Subsequently, the superior ISSG performance was achieved with an excellent evaporation rate (2.2 kg/m²·h) and solar-to-steam generation efficiency (107.9%). Further, large-scale absorber was prepared (100 cm2) demonstrated high water evaporation of 11 kg/m2·day satisfying the potable water needs of 3 individuals. Also, it showed excellent seawater desalination and wastewater treatment. Chapter 4: Defect-rich RP nanosheets was synthesized via ball-milling, which demonstrated reduced bandgap, low thermal conductivity and achieved a water evaporation of 1.34 kg/m²·h with 80.0% efficiency. Additionally, the plasmonic nanoparticle integration highlight the enhanced ISSG performance due to the plasmonic effect (LSPR). Chapter 5: BCSO nanosheets was synthesized, which exhibited broad light absorption and low thermal conductivity, with excellent evaporation rate (1.77 kg/m²·h) and solar-to-thermal efficiency (96.0%). Further, the ion rejection capabilities met WHO standards, demonstrating potential for sustainable and efficient desalination systems. KEYWORDS: Solar Desalination, Defect Engineering, Bismuth Copper Oxysulfide, Layered Structure, Red Phosphorus, Mechanochemical Activation, Silicon, Interfacial Solar Steam Generation, Wastewater Purification, Environmental Remediation.

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목차

Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Global water crisis and water stress 1
1.2 Technology for the Purification of Water 6
Chapter 2. Research background 8
2.1 Desalination 8
2.2 Solar-assisted desalination technologies 11
2.2.1 Indirect Solar Desalination 13
2.2.2 Direct Solar Desalination: Solar Still 15
2.2.3 Solar Humidification and Dehumidification Desalination (SHDD) 15
2.2.4 Interfacial Solar Steam Generation (ISSG) 18
2.3 Photothermal materials 20
2.4 Photothermal conversion: Mechanism and Types 24
2.4.1 Plasmonic Localized Heating (Plasmonic materials) 24
2.4.2 Non-radiative relaxation (Semiconductor materials) 27
2.4.3 Thermal Vibration (Carbon-based materials) 28
2.5 Utilizing semiconductors for interfacial solar desalination. 28
2.5.1 Defect/Impurity introduction 31
2.5.2 Defect Engineering in Photothermal Materials for Enhanced Solar Steam Generation 32
2.6 References 35
Chapter 3. Mechanochemical Activation of Silicon Photothermal Material for Efficient Interfacial Solar Desalination and Wastewater Purification 40
3.1 Introduction 40
3.2 Experimental 43
3.2.1 Preparation of the Si powder slurry 43
3.2.2 Preparation of the photothermal membrane 43
3.2.3 Characterization of Materials 44
3.2.4 Solar steam generation (SSG) performance 45
3.3 Results and Discussion 47
3.3.1 Morphology and structural characterization of mechanochemically activated silicon (Si) powder 47
3.3.2 Photon-to-heat conversion (photothermal) properties and wettability analysis 61
3.3.3 SSG performance of Si0, Si30, and Si60 photothermal membranes 68
3.3.4 Large-area and practical interfacial solar desalination (ISD) test 77
3.4 Conclusion 83
3.5 Note 84
3.5.1 Note1: Calculation of photothermal conversion efficiency 84
3.5.2 Note2: Calculation of heat loss analysis 85
3.5.3 Note3: Calculation of solar-to-steam generation efficiency considering the actual enthalpy of water 86
3.6 References 87
Chapter 4. Defect-enriched Red Phosphorus Nanosheets as Efficient and Stable Photothermal Absorber Material for Interfacial Solar Desalination 93
4.1 Introduction 94
4.2 Experimental 96
4.2.1 Preparation of uniform sub-micron RP nanosheets 96
4.2.2 RP slurry coating on the PU substrate 96
4.2.3 Photodeposition of Ag nanoparticles on RP60/PU sponge 97
4.2.4 Material characterization 99
4.2.5 Evaluation of ISSG performance 99
4.3 Results and Discussion 100
4.3.1 Preparation and characterization of RP nanosheets 100
4.3.2 ISSG performance 112
4.3.3 Further improvement of ISSG performance and practical desalination performance of RP60 125
4.4 Conclusion 134
4.5 References 135
Chapter 5. Layered Bismuth Copper Oxychalcogenides as Advanced Photothermal Materials for Efficient Interfacial Solar Desalination 141
5.1 Introduction 142
5.2 Experimental 144
5.2.1 Synthesis of BCSO nanosheets 144
5.2.2 Preparation of BCSO slurry for coating onto PU substrate 144
5.2.3 Material characterizations 145
5.2.4 Solar steam generation performance test 145
5.3 Results and discussion 147
5.3.1 Synthesis and characterization of BCSO nanosheets 147
5.3.2 Photothermal behavior of BCSO nanosheets 166
5.3.3 Solar steam generation performance of BCSO nanosheets 169
5.4 Conclusion 187
5.5 Note 188
5.6 References 189
Chapter 6. Conclusions and Future Aspects 197
6.1 References 201
Chapter 7. Acknowledgement 202

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