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Civil society and political participation of young people in Mongolia

초록/요약

Mongolia democracy was a peaceful revolution that happened from 1989 to 1990. Because of political protests and hunger, the leaders of the Communist People's Republic of Mongolia stepped down, and democratic Mongolia was formed in 1992. The Mongolian Democratic Revolution of 1990 was a pivotal event that transformed the country from a communist one-party state to a multi-party democracy. It marked a peaceful transition of power and set the stage for Mongolia's development as a free and independent nation. As of 2021, Generation Z made up 23% of voters in Mongolia. Youth political participation has varied: in the 2012 parliamentary elections, 60% of 18-35-year-olds did not vote, while in 2016 and 2020, 50.8% and 62% of 18-25-year-olds participated, respectively. However, the 2021 presidential election saw the lowest turnout among 20-24-year-olds, with 8.3% fewer voting than other age groups. Voting and supporting political entities are common forms of civil participation, yet limiting youth engagement to election activity is inadequate, especially for the digitally active 18-25 demographic. Comprehensive studies on Mongolian youth’s broader political and social involvement remain limited. Every day, the involvement of young people is going down, and the government is becoming larger. At the same time, wealthy individuals born from government connections are increasing. Because of this, Mongolian youth are leaving their home country, and the political and social situation in Mongolia is getting worse. People aged 15-34, making up 34.6 percent of our country's total population, are the first generation growing up with new ideas, energy, and dreams in our democratic society.

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목차

1 CHAPTER ONE - HYPOTHESIS AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Research questions 1
1.3 Hypothesis 1
1.4 Limitation 2
1.5 Literature review 2
1.6 Politics 7
1.7 Civil society 7
1.8 Participation 8
1.9 In-Person Participation 8
1.10 Election 9
1.11 Protest 9
1.12 Judiciary 9
1.13 Local development fund 10
1.14 Media 10
1.15 Online Participation 10
1.16 Youth and civil society organizations in Mongolia 10
2 CHAPTER TWO - MONGOLIAN PARTY AND POLITICS 12
2.1 Political System and Historical Background 13
2.2 Major Political Parties and Their Influence 13
2.3 Political Polarization and Institutional Weaknesses 14
2.4 Key Challenges in Mongolian Politics 14
3 CHAPTER THREE - STUDY RESULT 19
3.1 2024 parliamentary election observation summary 20
3.2 Questionnaire result 20
3.3 Summary of Survey Respondent Demographics highlighted 30
3.4 Analysis of survey result 31
4 CHAPTER FOUR- DATA ANALYSIS AND LINK TO LITERATURE REVIEW 36
4.1 Introduction 36
4.2 Linking Data to Literature 36
4.3 Gaps in Literature and New Insights 38
4.4 Link to Research Questions 40
4.5 Conclusion 42
4.6 Recommendations 43
References 44
List of abbreviations 45
Annex I - Survey questions 46

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