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Design and Development of Adaptive Learning Systems: The Lightlore Approach

초록/요약

The era of pervasive computing has driven the development of Adaptive Context-Aware Learning Environments (ACALEs), which detect learner context and deliver adaptive learning services accordingly. Despite the existence of numerous standalone educational systems tailored for specific adaptive scenarios, there is a growing demand for a unified framework to facilitate the development of ACALEs. In response, we introduce Lightlore, an adaptation framework designed to support various adaptive learning services across formal and informal learning settings. Leveraging Scenario-Based Design (SBD), we crafted a conceptual model for Lightlore based on educational scenarios identified through a comprehensive literature review, which highlighted the limitations of existing ACALEs in terms of interoperability and extensibility. The design and development methodology included the formulation of a reference architecture and a proof-of-concept implementation featuring a hypermedia system for learning data structures using Lightlore’s adaptation service. The formative evaluation involved 25 expert reviewers with backgrounds in computer engineering and educational technology, ensuring a diverse and knowledgeable assessment panel. Their feedback was gathered through a structured survey and qualitative analysis, focusing on the framework’s clarity, adaptability, extensibility, and interoperability. Evaluation results revealed that Lightlore’s conceptual model and reference architecture are highly clear and comprehensible, with most experts rating them very positively. The framework was praised for its effective separation of the adaptation engine from application logic, its extensibility, and its interoperability with external systems. Experts noted the framework’s robustness in addressing essential components of adaptive learning environments and its strong support for modular scalability. Implications of these findings suggest that Lightlore significantly enhances the development and deployment of adaptive, context-aware educational services. By integrating seamlessly with existing learning environments through the Experience API (xAPI) and Learning Record Store (LRS), Lightlore offers substantial benefits to learners, educators, developers, and educational technology researchers, fostering continuous improvement and innovation in adaptive learning environments.

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목차

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Motivation 2
1.3 Problem Statement 3
1.4 Research Objectives and Questions 4
1.5 Contributions of the Study 6
1.6 Significance of the Study 6
1.7 Thesis Outline 7
2 Background 8
2.1 Context, Context-awareness 8
2.2 Adaptive Learning 9
2.3 Adaptive Context-Aware Learning Environments 10
2.3.1 Adaptive Hypermedia System (AHS) 10
2.3.2 Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) 11
2.3.3 Collaborative Adaptive Learning Environment (CALE) 11
2.4 Learning Styles Models 12
2.4.1 Honey and Mumford's Learning Style Model 12
2.4.2 Kolb's Learning Style Inventory (LSI) 12
2.4.3 Felder and Silverman's Learning Style Model (FSLSM) 13
2.5 Educational Technology Standards 13
2.5.1 SCORM (Sharable Content Object Reference Model) 14
2.5.2 QTI (Question and Test Interoperability) 14
2.5.3 LTI (Learning Tools Interoperability) 14
2.5.4 xAPI (Experience API) 15
3 Methodology 17
3.1 Literature Review 17
3.1.1 Research Design 17
3.1.2 Data Collection 18
3.1.3 Data Analysis and Synthesis 19
3.2 Lightlore Design and Development 19
3.3 Evaluation Methodology 21
4 Literature Review and Analysis of ACALEs 25
4.1 Literature Review 25
4.1.1 Overview 26
4.1.2 Context-awareness 29
4.1.3 Adaptation 35
4.1.4 Pedagogy 40
4.1.5 Trend analysis 42
4.2 Analysis of ACALEs 44
4.2.1 Technical Approaches for Context-Awareness and Adaptation 44
4.2.2 Pedagogical Approaches in ACALEs 48
4.2.3 Relations between taxonomies 49
4.2.4 Current and future trends 50
4.2.5 Limitations 52
5 The Lightlore Framework 53
5.1 Scenario-based Development Process 53
5.2 Conceptual Model 55
5.3 Reference Architecture 58
5.3.1 Context Management Module 60
5.3.2 Adaptation Engine 62
5.4 xAPI Profile 65
6 Proof-of-Concept 66
6.1 Implementation without Adaptation 66
6.2 Adaptation to Learning Style 67
6.3 Proof of Concept Operation 70
6.4 Integration of xAPI 72
7 Formative Evaluation 74
8 Discussion 78
8.1 Common Vocabulary 78
8.2 Essential Components and Architecture of Lightlore 79
8.3 Leveraging xAPI for Interoperability and Personalization 80
8.4 Implications 81
8.5 Future Directions of Adaptive Context-Aware Learning 82
8.6 Ecosystem, Roles, and Potential Use Cases 83
8.7 Limitations 86
8.8 Related Work 87
9 Conclusion and Future Work 90
Bibliography 94
A List of Publications 113
A.1 SCI/SCIE Journal Papers 113
A.2 Conference Papers 114
B An overview of ACALEs 115
C Context-awareness in ACALEs 120
D Adaptation in ACALEs 124
E Pedagogy in ACALEs 130
F Lightlore xAPI Profile 135
G Evaluation Questionnaire 138
H Evaluation Tutorial 144
I Lightlore Requirements Document 160

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