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The “Japa” Trend in Nigeria : Exploring Causes, Implications, and Sociocultural Dynamics of Youth Emigration

초록/요약

Migration is a fundamental part of human existence and Nigeria’s brain drain is nothing new. However, this study identified the “Japa” phenomenon as the depth of migration trends with Nigerians of all ages pursuing opportunities abroad. Thus, this study explores the evolution of migration in Nigeria, focusing on cultural influences and social media-driven diaspora narratives as key factors, beyond traditional economic reasons, driving the emigration of Nigerian youth. Next, this study investigated the role and governmental measures that (exacerbated) played a part in the large-scale departure of youth from Nigeria. Using existing literature, established patterns and gaps were identified in the migration study of Nigeria. This paper employed qualitative interviews with four Nigerians youths residing in South Korea by exploring personal stories to understand how cultural factors and social media shape their migration decisions. In addition, Instagram, Twitter (X), and TikTok content from 2019 to 2023 were analysed to discern themes contributing to a diaspora narrative encouraging emigration. Findings revealed that “Japa” represents a new dimension of migration in Nigeria. This new dimension is driven by a complex mix of socio-economic constraints, disillusionment, cultural influences and diaspora narrative propagated through social media, all shaping the migration decisions of Nigerian youth. Keywords: Japa, Youth, Emigration, Brain Drain, Social Media, Diaspora Narrative, Cultural Influences

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목차

Chapter One 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Motivation of Study 3
1.3. Problem Statement 3
1.4. Objectives 3
1.5. Research Questions 4
1.6. Hypotheses/Argument 4
1.7. Methodology 4
1.7.1. Data Collection 4
1.7.2. Data Analysis 5
1.7.3. Location & Research Participants 5
1.7.4. Ethical Considerations 5
1.8. Preliminary Literature Review 6
1.8.1. Economic Factors 6
1.8.2. Political & Socio-Cultural Factors 8
1.8.3. Theoretical Framework: An Overview 10
1.8.4. Push-Pull Theory 10
1.8.5. Human Capital Theory vs The Capability Approach 10
1.8.6. Network 'Migration' Theory 11
1.9. Chapter Outline 11
2. Chapter Two 13
2.1. Patterns of Migration in Nigeria 13
2.2. Migration in Nigeria: Socio-Political Context 13
2.3. Definition of Terms 17
2.4. Theoretical Framework: An Expansion 20
2.4.1. Push-Pull Theory 20
2.4.2. Human Capital Theory 24
2.4.3. Identified Gaps 28
2.4.4. Capability Approach: Contemporary Theory of Migration I 28
2.4.5. Network Migration Theory: Contemporary Migration Theory II 32
3. Chapter Three 34
3.1. Prelude to the Japa Trend: Evolution of Brain Drain in Nigeria 34
3.2. Historical Background of the Japa Phenomenon 34
3.2.1. ¬Pre-Independence (Before 1960): Education and The Movement for Political Liberation 34
3.2.2. Post-Independence (1960s- 1970s): Politics, Religion and Ethnicity Intertwined, Wahala Begins! 35
3.2.3. The Push: Economic Incentives Shaping Political Agenda and Migration 40
3.2.4. 1970s – 1980s: Oil Boom Years – Nigeria, the West African Destination Country 40
3.2.5. The Gradual Decline of Economic Stability 42
3.2.6. 1980s – 2000s: Socio-Economic Pressures from the Oil Bust and The Structural Adjustment Programme 42
3.2.7. The Jand Era 45
3.2.8. Implications of Brain Drain in Nigeria 46
3.2.9. 2018 – Present: Origin of the term "Japa" 48
3.3. The Government's Reactive Approach to The Japa Trend 52
3.3.1. Disconnect Between Policy Formulation and Implementation 54
4. Chapter Four 59
4.1. The Japa Trend 59
4.1.1. Results, Analysis & Discussion 59
4.2. Social Media and The Japa Trend 59
4.2.1. Japa: Through the Lens of Instagram 61
4.2.2. Japa: Through the Lens of X (Twitter) 64
4.2.3. Japa: Through the Lens of TikTok 66
4.3. Interview Results 67
4.3.1. Drivers of Japa 67
4.3.2. Socio-economic Factors 68
4.3.3. Political Factors 69
4.3.4. Cultural Influences 70
4.3.5. Social Media Influence 71
4.3.6. Network Influence 73
4.3.7. Personal Narrative 75
4.3.8. Policy Landscape: The Role of the Government in the Japa Trend 75
4.3.9. Emigration Choices & Dynamics 77
4.3.10.Consequences of Japa 79
4.4. Discussion: Interplay of Socio-economic, Cultural, and Social Media Influence Driving the Japa Trend 80
5. Chapter Five 83
5.1. Conclusion 83
5.2. Recommendations 84
5.3. Limitations 85
6. Bibliography 87
7. Appendix 92
7.1. I. Informed Consent 92
7.2. II. Interview Questions 93

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