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The Influence of High-Risk Alcohol Drinking and Household Income on Depressive Symptoms

  • 김욱 (Wook Kim, 아주대학교 일반대학원)

초록/요약

This study was conducted to determine the effects of high-risk alcoholic drinking and household income on depressive symptoms. The theoretical hypotheses we used to verify this are the “intoxication theory,” which posits that alcohol consumption acts as an antecedent factor for depressive symptoms, and the “social causation hypothesis,” which states that poverty or low socioeconomic status causes mental disorders. For the research, we used the Korea welfare panel study data, which are considered highly reliable in representing the Korean population. To consider the time-series chronological characteristics, we used data from 2016-2020. A total of 11,424 people were selected as research participants, excluding those under the age of 19 and those who had not been surveyed since 2016—the base year. The participants were divided into 1,910 high-risk alcohol drinkers and 9,514 non-high-risk alcohol drinkers—according to their high-risk alcohol drinking levels—and 3,681 low-income earners and 7,743 ordinary-income earners, according to their household income levels. We analyzed the association between high-risk alcohol drinking, household income, and depressive symptoms, in addition to the effects of both high-risk alcohol drinking and household income on depressive symptoms, including the interaction effect. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used considering that we used panel data with cross-sectional and time-series characteristics in the research. We analyzed the effect of high-risk alcohol drinking and household income on depressive symptoms, by accounting for the control variables. The results showed that high-risk alcohol drinking led to higher depressive symptoms than non-high-risk alcohol drinking—indicating that high-risk alcohol drinking influences depressive symptoms. In the case of household income, it was found that depressive symptoms were higher in low-income earners than ordinary-income earners—indicating that household income influences depressive symptoms. Further, we analyzed the interaction effect of high-risk alcohol drinking and household income on depressive symptoms. The results showed that depressive symptoms were higher in the case of high-risk alcohol drinking and ordinary income than in the case of high-risk alcohol drinking and low income, confirming the interaction effect. These results are in contrast with previous studies that showed higher depressive symptoms with low-income, high-risk alcohol drinking. However, as the control group for high-risk alcohol drinking included normal drinkers, non-drinkers, and past drinkers, caution is needed in interpreting the study results. The limitations of this study are as follows. First, the effects of both high-risk alcohol drinking and household income on depressive symptoms, were examined unidirectionally; bidirectional reciprocal influences were excluded. Second, the secondary data source limited the use of factors that could influence the dependent variable. Third, the use of up-to-date data may have included the impact of the national mental hazard, COVID-19. Fourth, the possibility of selection bias cannot be excluded from the participant selection process. Despite these limitations, this study represents a longitudinal analysis of the effects of both high-risk alcohol drinking and household income on depressive symptoms for the entire population of Korea; it is meaningful in that it addresses the limitations of previous studies’ cross-sectional research.

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목차

Ⅰ. Introduction 1
A. Background and necessity 1
B. Research purpose and research problem 9
Ⅱ. Theoretical consideration 11
A. Depressive symptoms 11
B. High-risk alcohol drinking 19
C. Household income 22
D. Relationship between depressive symptoms and high-risk alcohol drinking 23
E. Relationship between depressive symptoms and household income 25
F. Relationship between high-risk alcohol drinking and household income 27
Ⅲ. Method 29
A. Model 29
B. Materials and participants 30
C. Selection and definition of key variables 32
D. Method 37
Ⅳ. Result 45
A. General characteristics 45
B. Descriptive statistics on key variables 47
C. Relationships between key variables 57
D. Association between high-risk alcohol drinking and household income for depressive symptoms 71
E. Effects of high-risk alcohol drinking and household income on depressive symptoms 74
Ⅴ. Discussion and Conclusion 84
A. Discussion of main research results 84
B. Policy implications 87
C. Limitations 89
D. Conclusion 90
Reference 93
Appendix 103

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