Socioeconomic Development and Role of Political Leadership in Pakistan : Key challenges during the years 1960-1990
- 주제(키워드) Leadership , economic development
- 주제(DDC) 323.042
- 발행기관 아주대학교
- 지도교수 Kim, Byoung- Kwan
- 발행년도 2023
- 학위수여년월 2023. 2
- 학위명 석사
- 학과 국제대학원 시민사회학과
- 실제URI http://www.dcollection.net/handler/ajou/000000032383
- 본문언어 영어
- 저작권 아주대학교 논문은 저작권에 의해 보호받습니다.
초록/요약
Pakistan came into being in 1947. The newly independent state has multidimensional external and internal challenges of serious nature. One of the biggest challenges has been how to lead the country and nation. To put the nation on the road of prosperity was a great challenge for almost all the leaders of that time. So, in this back drop first three decades have been very crucial for all the newly developed states and their leaders. This dissertation focuses on role of political leadership of Pakistan in the initial three decades. How the then leadership played their role in shaping destiny of nation. How far they have been successful in realizing socioeconomic policies to bring a positive change in the lives of people. Socio economic development is not something an independent phenomenon but it is linked with many interlinked factors like: economy, geography, neighbors, foreign policy, rule of law situation and available resources. The dissertation shows progress of each regime with available indicators of social policies along with their causal relationship. It also high lights internal and external challenges that each leader faced in a specific time span. It also reflects characteristics of each leader, and its impact on public policies, whether it was a military dictator or a civilian one. There is also a precise analysis of the selected regimes evaluating their failures and achievements. Indicators show that there was a significant progress from 1958-1968 (first military dictator of Pakistan). The famous “Green revolution” is regarded as one of his historic reforms. With more than 7% annual growth rate throughout 1960, Pakistan was the fastest growing economy in South Asia. Consequentially there was not only a rapid increase in production but also it opened up new avenues of employment in the country. The key factors behind this growth were agricultural and industrial reforms. It was for the first time since the establishment of Pakistan that a government introduced land reforms for agricultural growth and overall wellbeing of society. Under the reforms a limit was introduced to possess a certain amount of land. One person was allowed to possess 500 acres of cultivable land where as 1000 acres of non-irrigated land. From 1971-1977 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ruled on Pakistan. He introduced the policy of nationalization. The policy of nationalization eclipsed the industrial development policies established in the previous decade. Resultantly, the average growth rate in his regime remained 4.55. Though, by the policy of nationalization wages were increased and the social welfare structure of labor was improved in many ways but the negative side was that production did not increase and the private sector shrank to worst level. Due to the crisis of decrease in production and decline in private sector investment, the government had a serious challenge of unemployment. Unemployment went very high in the initial years of the Bhutto regime. According to official reports during 1972-73 the labor force was increasing at the rate of 3% annually and the unemployment rate reached to 13%. Another military dictator General Zia ul Haq took over the charge by imposing martial law in the country and sending the democratically elected prime minister Z.A Bhutto to jail. General Zia supported the private sector and took measures for foreign direct investment. To gain the trust of industrialists and foreign investors, he rolled back the policy of nationalization. The average GDP growth rate during Zia regime was 6.49, while the services, agriculture and industrial growth rate were 7, 4.05 and 8.48 respectively. It has been noticed, that there have been ‘an inconsistent socio-economic development policy’ in aforementioned regimes. One leader focused on industrialization for more than a decade and developed a strong base for private sector and industrial growth. The next leader discouraged the private sector by nationalizing the entire industry. The next leader again wanted to boost private sector and undo the policy of nationalization. The journey of first three decades of Pakistan reflects that in the third world countries like Pakistan, private sector plays a major role in the economic growth. The policy of nationalization of institutions and industry could not bring forth the required results for socio economic development. Secondly, for sustainable socio-economic development, continuity and consistency in national policies is very important. By the change of governments, the national policies should not be reversed. National Policies must be based on fundamental principles and these should be devised for long term. Without long-term strategic planning, sustainable socioeconomic development goals cannot be achieved. Key words: Leadership, Economic Growth, Socio economic development
more목차
Chapter 1 1
Introduction 1
Back ground 1
1.2 What is meant by socioeconomic development 2
1.3 Leadership, its different styles and role in socioeconomic development 3
1.4 Research Objective 6
1.5 Research Questions 6
1.6 Research Methodology 6
1.7 Limitation of study 6
1.8 Review of Literature and related studies 7
Chapter 2 11
Leadership and Socio-economic Development during 1958-1968 11
2.1 Regime Introduction 11
2.2 Characteristics of leadership 11
2.3 Social Policies 12
2.4 Agriculture 13
2.5 Education 18
2.6 Health Sector 20
2.7 Discussion 22
Chapter 3 24
Leadership and Socio-economic Development during 1971-1977 24
3.1 Regime Introduction 24
3.2 Characteristics of Leadership 24
3.3 Social policies 25
3.4 Agriculture 25
3.5 Education 31
3.6 Health 32
3.7 Discussion 33
Chapter 4 36
Leadership and Socio-economic Development during 1977-1988 36
4.1 Regime introduction 36
4.2 Characteristics of Leadership 37
4.3 Social Policies 37
4.4 Agriculture 37
4.6 Health 42
4.7 Discussion 44
Chapter 5 45
Summary, Analysis and conclusion 45
5.1 Summary and analysis of policies during 1958-68 and their impact 45
5.2 Summary and analysis of policies during 1971-1977 and their impact 48
5.3 Summary and analysis of policies during 1977-88 and their impact 51
5.4 Conclusion 52
Bibliography 55
