ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND HUMAN SECURITY IN NORTHERN CAMEROON
- 발행기관 아주대학교
- 발행년도 2011
- 제출일 2011-06-22
- 학위수여년월 2011. 8
- 학위명 석사
- 학과 국제대학원 국제개발협력과
- 실제URI http://www.dcollection.net/handler/ajou/000000011732
- 본문언어 영어
- 저작권 아주대학교 논문은 저작권에 의해 보호받습니다.
초록/요약
The environment has become the focus of every nation in the world today because of the rate at which it is being exploited. The recognition of this led to the inclusion of the environment as one of the 8 MDGs. As a result of the many problems that mankind is facing today stemming from environmental degradation and pollution leading to climate change and human insecurity such as food insecurity, health problems and others, there has become a greater need for environmental sustainability by all stakeholders in the world. This study therefore examine the causes and the policies that have been put in place such as the establishment of the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) and its cooperation with external organizations in reducing the rate of shrinkage of the lake and the revitalization of the Lake Chad Basin ecosystem. Further discussed in this research are the negative effects the shrinkage of the lake is having on human security in the Northern part of Cameroon. If these policies have been put in place the question then is why are these policies not working? This research has looked at some of these policies and projects put in place and why they are failing with some recommendations made especially in strengthening the level of cooperation and co-ordination between the riparian states and the LCBC. The practice of environmental sustainability is now the order of the day with the case of Lake Chad which is a trans-boundary natural water resource found in the Sahel region and used by many countries. This lake is under the constant threat of natural factors such as drought since it is found at the fringes of the Sahara desert and further constraining the lake are anthropogenic factors such as the growing population of the area. Because this high population depends solely on Lake Chad for survival, the lake has been exploited unsustainably and uncontrollably and as a result, the lake has been greatly affected causing it to shrink rapidly than was in the early 1960s. The result of such shrinkage of the lake is the effects it is having on human security in the entire basin and in the northern part of Cameroon in particular.
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ABSTRCT
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Concept of Human Security 2
1.3 Problem Statement 4
1.4 Objectives 4
1.5 Research Questions 5
1.6 Hypothesis 5
1.7 Methodology 5
1.8 Motivation 5
1.9 Limitations of Study 5
CHAPTER TWO 7
Literature Review, Theoretical Framework and History of Lake Chad Degradation 7
2.1 Literature Review 7
2.2 Theoretical Framework 11
2.2.1 Tragedy of the Commons 12
2.3 History of Lake Chad Degradation 13
CHAPTER 3 18
Causes of Lake Chad Shrinkage and Effects on Human Security 18
3.1 Causes of Lake Chad Shrinkage 18
3.1.1 Natural Factors 18
a) Climate Change and Climate Variability 18
b) Geographical Location 19
3.1.2 Anthropogenic Factors 19
a) Population Pressure 19
b) Irrigation and Hydro-dams 21
c) Poverty 22
d) Overgrazing and Deforestation 23
3.2 Lake Chad and Human Security 24
3.2.1 Migration and Conflicts 24
3.2.2 Poverty 25
3.2.3 Reduced Agricultural Productivity and Food security 26
3.2.4 Health Problems 27
CHAPTER 4 29
Resolution Policies for the Lake Chad Basin 29
4.1 Domestic Response 29
a) Reforestation 30
b) Public Participation 31
c) The Creation of a Bi-lateral Agreement 31
d) Creation of National Parks 31
4.1.1 Government Limitations 32
a) Social Constraints 33
b) Economic/Financial Constraints 34
4.2 International Response 34
4.2.1 The Lake Chad Basin Commission 35
4.2.2.1 Limitations of the LCBC 37
a) Economic and Financial Constraints 37
b) Lack of Information 38
c) Political Constraints 38
4.2.2 GTZ 39
4.2.3 UN 39
4.2.4 The French Co-operation and EEC 40
4.2.5 GEF 41
4.2.6 Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar) and WWF 41
CHAPTER 5
Conclusion and Recommendations 42
5.1 Conclusion 42
5.2 Recommendations 43
a) Coherent Policy Objectives 44
b) Effective Monitoring and Stakeholder Consultation 44
c) Ecosystem Approach 45
References 46
