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THE GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES IN LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF SENEGAL

초록/요약

The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is a formal system of exemption from the Most Favored Nation (MFN) clause that allows developed countries to grant duty-free and quota-free market access in favor of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) without doing the same for other World Trade Organization (WTO) members. LDCs have been striving, for a decade, to find the right development strategy to enable them to reduce the economic disparities between them and the more industrialized countries. The idea of tariff preferences for developing countries was the subject of considerable discussion within the United Nation Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in the 1960s. In 1971, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) enacted two waivers to the MFN which permitted tariff preferences to be granted to developing countries goods. However, both waivers were limited in time to ten years. These waivers will be replaced in 1979, by a permanent exemption to the MFN called the Enabling clause. Thus, the Enabling clause was aimed to give a legal and permanent validity to the GSP scheme. According to many studies, GSP programs have been a very mixed success. Even if, the GSP programs cover products of the greatest export interests of the LDCs in general and Senegal in particular, they face many obstacles such as rule of origins and complex administrative procedures, supply capacity constraints, infrastructures quality problems among others. Even in the face of its limitations, it would not be also accurate to conclude that GSP has failed to benefit all the LDCs. The GSP scheme has benefited some LDCs a lot and others very little. Market access for LDCs and Senegal in particular, based on their annually exported amount to the “Quad countries” remains still very low. We should understand that, the value of any initiative aimed at improving market access for developing countries in general, and LDCs in particular should be measured against the factors determining the under utilization of current tariffs preferences. Furthermore, international trade has played a key role in the economic development of many countries and especially for the East Asian countries, known also as “Asian dragons” through innovation and technological progress and by encouraging the reallocation of resources from less to more productive sectors. The rapid economic development process of the “Asian dragons” holds relevance for LDCs in general and Senegal in particular to catch up with industrialized nations in the long run. Therefore, the government of these countries can and should play an active role in their country’s economic growth through incentives economic policies.

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목차

Contents i
Abstract iii
Acknowledgment v
List of tables vii
List of figures vii
Abbreviations viii
Introduction 1
Hypothesis of the study 3
Research questions of the study 3
Methodology of the study 4
Data collection 4
Study procedure 5
Chapter 1. History and theory of trade preferences 7
1.1. Literature review 7
1.2. Historic of trade preferences 10
1.2.1. Trade preferences scheme under the GATT 10
1.2.2. Trade preferences scheme under WTO 12
1.3. The future of trade preferences for the LDCs 16
1.4. Least Developed Countries (LDCs): What does it mean? 18
Chapter 2. The case of major donors and their requirements 22
2.1. The GSP scheme of the European Union 22
2.1.1. The Everything But Arms (EBA) 25
2.2. The GSP scheme of the United States 27
2.2.1. The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) 28
2.3. The GSP scheme of Japan 30
2.4. The GSP scheme of Canada 31
Chapter 3. Assessment of the Generalized System of Preferences 33
3.1. Trade patterns between Senegal and European Union 33
3.2. Trade patterns between Senegal and the United States 39
3.3. Trade patterns between Senegal and Japan 41
3.4. Trade pattern between Senegal and Canada 43
Chapter 4. Factors affecting an effective functioning of the GSP 46
4.1. The complexity of the rules of origin 46
4.2. Supply capacity constraints and non-diversified exportations 49
4.3. Infrastructure quality problems 50
4.4. Lack of security and predictability 51
Chapter 5. Conclusion and possible recommendations to strengthen competitiveness and supply capacities of Senegal 53
5.1. Matching the rules of origin to the interests and industrial capacity of the LDCs: 54
5.2. Improving productivity and supply capacity of the LDCs 54
5.3. Improving infrastructures quality 55
5.4. Promotion of South-South trade and improvement of the business environment 55
Conclusion 56
References 58
Appendix 61

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