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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT....................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................... ii
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................ iv
LIST OF TABLES ................................................ v
ABBREVIATIONS............................ vi
I. Introduction.................................. 1
A. Brain inflammation...................................... 1
B. Microglia and astrocytes as main regulators of brain inflammation................. 1
1. Microglia ......................................... 1
2. Astrocytes ............................................... 3
C. Leukocytes: immune cells to infiltrate the injured brain....................................... 3
D. Regulation of brain inflammation......................... 5
1. Stimulators of microglia ........................................ 5
2. Proinflammatory cytokines.................................... 6
3. Chemokines .................................................. 7
4. Growth factors ...................................................... 9
E. Aims of this study .................................................. 10
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS................................. 11
1 Cell culture ....................................................... 11
2. Reverse Transcription and Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) ........................... 12
3. Western blot analysis.......................................... 12
4. Immunocytochemistry........................................ 13
5. Preparation of conditioned media ............................. 13
6. ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)...... 13
7. Migration assay........................................... 14
8. Statistical analysis .......................................... 14
III. RESULTS......................................................... 16
A. Interaction between astrocytes and neutrophils........ 16
1. Effect of neutrophils on morphology of astrocytes ..... 16
2. Effect of neutrophils on inflammatory responses of astrocytes ................................. 18
B. Interaction between astrocytes and monocytes........ 20
1. Effect of THP1 cells on morphology of astrocytes ..... 20
2. Effect of THP1 cells on inflammatory responses of astrocytes ....................... 24
3. Migration assay............................................ 26
4. Dose-dependent effect of TCM................................ 29
5. Astrocytes regulate inflammatory responses in THP1 cells ...................................... 29
IV. DISCUSSION................................ 32
V. CONCLUSION .......................................... 35
REFERENCES................. 36