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assessing the feasibility potential and impact of renewables on the NDC in Cameroon

초록/요약

Cameroon is endowed with abundant renewable energy resources, with a hydropower potential of about 55,200MW, which follows that of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Africa. It is otherwise characterized by insufficient electrical energy production, especially during the peak of the dry season. The relatively low-income levels of most of the population have driven energy access to be fueled by wood and biomass in general. Consequently, global warming-related activities and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have risen through the felling of trees for lighting and cooking following the quest for energy. This makes the expectation of having the amount of GHG emissions reduced significantly with the introduction of 25% renewables in the total energy mix a dream hoped to be achieved by 2035. In this research, an in-depth assessment of the feasibility, potential, and impact of renewables on the NDC in Cameroon was carried out in a bid to determine the amount of greenhouse gas emissions avoided with the introduction of renewables in the northern part of the country in place of thermal power plants. We made use of The RETScreen Expert software tool provided by CANMET Canada to perform the analyses. The results of the study brought to light the fact that the northern regions of Cameroon have higher wind and solar resource potentials than any other parts of Cameroon. Administrative bottlenecks and the high cost of upfront investment are some of the main reasons and impediments slowing down the development of renewables in Cameroon. Again, optimal financial analyses of renewables were done to determine the economic viability of such projects. Emission analyses were also carried out based on the ability of such projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and secure sustainability in the energy sector to ensure steps towards the target set by NDC in the long run. The analyses revealed that GHG emissions could be reduced or avoided considerably by about 4.4% by prioritizing the development of renewables in the northern region of the country in place of the existing thermal power plants, especially wind and solar energy in the northern interconnected grid. This translates to having a significant impact on the achievement of targets set in the NDC. Finally, the legislative and legal frameworks governing the energy sector in Cameroon should be made strong to optimize, enhance and develop the full potential of renewable energy resources in Cameroon.

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목차

CHAPTER ONE 1
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background of Study 2
1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 Objectives 4
1.3.1 Main Objective 4
1.3.2 Specific Objectives 4
1.4 Research Questions 5
1.4.1 Main Research Question 5
1.4.2 Specific Research Questions 5
1.5 Scope and Delimitations of Study 5
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.0 Introduction 6
2.1 Review of Related Concepts 6
2.1.1 Renewable Energy Sources 6
2.1.2 The State of Energy Sector (Supply/Demand) in Cameroon 8
2.1.3 Physical Potential 10
2.1.4 Energy Policy and Renewable Energy Deployment Policy in Cameroon 12
2.1.5 Renewable Energy Deployment Support Policies 13
2.1.6 Political and Regulatory Framework in the Energy Sector in Cameroon 13
2.1.7 Future Renewable Energy Plans 16
2.1.8 Problems and Prospect of Developing Renewable Energy Potentials in Cameroon 16
2.1.9 Commitments Made in the Cameroon NDC 18
2.1.10 Implementation of the Paris Agreement in Cameroon Between 2015- 2020 19
2.1.11 The Main Difficulties Encountered in the Implementation of the Activities Included in Cameroon NDC are, inter alia: 20
2.2 Theoretical Frameworks 21
2.2.1 Real Options (RO) Theory 21
2.2.2 The Analytic Framework 22
2.3 Empirical Review 22
CHAPTER THREE 23
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23
3.0 Introduction 23
3.1 Case Study 23
3.2 Data Collection 23
3.2.1 Interviews 24
3.3 Data Analysis 25
CHAPTER FOUR 26
PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 26
4.0 Introduction 26
4.1 Characteristics of Respondents based on Years of Experience 26
4.2 Characteristics of Respondents Based on their Main Sector 26
4.3 Comprehensive Technical Analyses of Renewables Potential of Cameroon 27
4.3.1 Far North Region - Maroua 28
4.3.2 North Region – Garoua 29
4.3.3 Adamawa Region – Ngaoundéré 30
4.4 Central-Grid Connected 2,000kW Wind Energy 36
4.4.1 Wind Energy Background 36
4.5 Isolated-Grid Connected 2,000kW Solar Energy 47
4.5.1 Solar Energy Background 47
4.6 Economic Analysis of Renewables in Cameroon 51
4.6.1 Cost Analysis 51
4.6.2 Financial Analysis 52
4.7 Environmental Analysis 56
4.7.1 Offsetting Greenhouse Gases by Wind 56
4.7.2 Offsetting Greenhouse Gases by Solar 57
CHAPTER FIVE 59
DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 59
5.0 Introduction 59
5.1 Discussion of Findings 59
5.1.1 Appraisal of the State of Renewable Energy Development in Cameroon 59
5.1.2 The principal reasons and hurdles inhibiting the development of renewables in Cameroon 60
5.1.3 An optimal comparative economic analysis of renewables in Cameroon (Northern Region) to run a financial model for renewables from the current state through 2035 (13 years) 61
5.1.4 Evaluation of the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that would be avoided with renewables scenario in the energy mix as targeted by the NDC 61
5.2 Conclusion 62
5.3 Recommendations 63
5.4 Limitations of Study 64
REFERENCES 65
APPENDICES 72
APPENDIX 1: Interview Questions 72

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