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FROM A ONE PARTY TO A MULTIPARTY SYSTEM : IMPLICATIONS FOR 'END POVERTY' IN CAMEROON

초록/요약

ABSTRACT With a focus on sustainable development goal 1, ‘end poverty’, this research has examined the link between changing from a One-Party to a multi-party system and poverty reduction. The research analyses the ineffectiveness of the opposition political parties in a multiparty system as one of the ignored reasons for slow progress in poverty reduction in Cameroon between 1990 and 2022. The study results suggest that the change from a One-Party system to a multi-party system may help in poverty reduction in the long run when the government decides to collaborate with their opposing political parties. This is so, because poverty causes vary across regions, as well as across countries, as it remains a preoccupation of most economies, even in those with effective and functioning opposition political parties. The effectiveness of the opposition political parties in Ghana and Senegal has helped so far in the process to reduce poverty in their respective economies, but they are still finding it difficult to eradicate it as its causes keep evolving. Cameroon is so special a case with its multiparty political system of more than 318 registered political parties, by 2020, according to the country’s Ministry of Territorial Administration, shared between ethnic and regional lines, (F. Nyamnjoh and Michael Rowlands 1998 Almost, if not all of the Cameroon government’s efforts to reduce poverty from the early 90s till 2020 have not or have yielded very insignificant fruits, as poverty continues to be one of the most threatening issues for the country that continues to register an increase in its population every moment of the day. This does not mean that if the opposition political parties become effective, poverty will be eradicated, because the concept is multidimensional, as argued by many scholars.

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목차

CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. THE GHANAIAN MULTIPARTY OPPOSITION POLITICAL PARTIES AND COLLABORATION WITH THE GOVERNMENT IN THE FIGHT TO REDUCE POVERTY 2
1.2. SENEGAL AS ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF AN EFFECTIVE MULTIPARTY POLITICAL SYSTEM 5
1.3. THESIS ORGANIZATION 9
1.4. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM [WHAT WENT WRONG] 12
1.5. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 13
1.6. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 14
1.7. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY 15
1.8. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 17
1.9. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES 17

CHAPTER TWO 18
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW OF CONCEPTS IN THE RESEARCH 18
2.1. THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 18
2.1.1. WHAT ARE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON GOAL ONE OF ‘NO POVERTY’? 20
2.2. THE CONCEPT OF POLITICAL THEORY 21
2.2.0. INTRODUCTION 21
2.2.1. WHAT IS A ONE-PARTY SYSTEM? 23
2.2.2. WHAT IS A MULTIPARTY POLITICAL SYSTEM? 24
2.3.0. WHAT IS A POLITICAL SYSTEM, ITS EXAMPLES, AND WHAT CAUSES CHANGE IN A POLITICAL SYSTEM? 29
2.3.1. WHAT CAUSES CHANGE IN A POLITICAL SYSTEM 29
2.3.2. TYPES OF CHANGES IN A POLITICAL SYSTEM AND THEIR CAUSES 32
2.3.2.1. A STABLE POLITICAL SYSTEM CHANGE 32
2.3.2.2. AN UNSTABLE POLITICAL SYSTEM CHANGE 33
2.3.2.3. HOW A POLITICAL SYSTEM CAN SURVIVE THE STORM OF CHANGE? 36
2.3.3. EXAMPLES OF POLITICAL SYSTEMS AND HOW THEY CHANGE? 37
2.3.4.0. INTRODUCTION 37
2.3.4.1. ARISTOCRACY AS A POLITICAL SYSTEM 38
2.3.4.2. TIMOCRACY AS A POLITICAL SYSTEM 40
2.3.4.3. OLIGARCHY AS A POLITICAL SYSTEM 41
2.3.4.4. DEMOCRACY AS A POLITICAL SYSTEM 43
2.3.4.5. TYRANNY AS A POLITICAL SYSTEM 47
2.4. AFRICAN POLITICAL SYSTEMS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 49

CHAPTER THREE 54
3.0. IMPLICATIONS OF SYSTEM CHANGE TO END POVERTY 54
CASE STUDY: CAMEROON 54
3.1. BACKGROUND HISTORY AND INTRODUCTION OF THE COUNTRY CAMEROON 54
3.1.1 CAMEROON’S POLITICAL SYSTEM 56
3.2. POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN CAMEROON AFTER THE CHANGE OF POLITICAL SYSTEM FROM 1990 TO 2022 59
3.2.0. INTRODUCTION 59
3.2.1. CONCEPT OF POVERTY 61
3.3.1. THE GENERAL CAUSES OF POVERTY 65
3.3.1.1. UNDERSTANDING SOME CONCEPTS UNDER POVERTY 67
3.3.2. CAUSES OF POVERTY IN CAMEROON 67
3.3.2.0. INTRODUCTION 67
3.3.2.1. CAUSES OF POVERTY IN CAMEROON 72
3.3.2.2. CAMEROON’S GOVERNMENT’S ATTEMPTS TO REDUCE POVERTY FROM 1990 TO 2022 75
3.3.3. CAUSALITY BETWEEN POVERTY REDUCTION AND WEAK OPPOSITION POLITICAL PARTIES IN CAMEROON 79
3.3.3.1. CAUSES OF THE WEAKNESS OF THE CAMEROON OPPOSITION POLITICAL PARTIES 87
3.3.3.2. OTHER CAUSES 93
3.3.3.2.1. LACK [POOR] QUALITY INFRASTRUCTURE 93
3.3.3.2.2. POOR [OUTDATED] EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM 95
3.3.3.2.3. WEAK GOVERNANCE 96
3.3.3.2.4. CLIMATE CHANGE 100
3.3.3.2.5. CONFLICTS 101
3.3.4. COMPARING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MULTIPARTY POLITICAL SYSTEMS IN GHANA AND SENEGAL, WITH THAT OF CAMEROON 105

CHAPTER FOUR 120
RECOMMENDATIONS ON HOW TO REVIVE THE CAMEROON PPOSITION 120
POLITICAL PARTIES AND ALSO ON HOW THE PROCESS OF POVERTY REDUCTION CAN BE ACCELERATED WITHOUT INVOLVING POLITICS 120
REFERENCES: 123

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