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Participatory development: Community organization and social capital are key factors for sustainable local development: A case of the Pygmy and Mbororo indigenous communities of Cameroon

초록/요약

The concept of development has dominated international debate for several decades, but yet the question of how best development can be achieved in local communities has remained a major issue for concern. To have a critical look at this issue, this research therefore focuses on analyzing the causes of variations in development prospects between local communities. A comparative case study of the Mbororo and Pygmy indigenous communities of Cameron has been analyzed in this study. The two communities are both marginalized and are not legally recognized by the state as indigenous groups, they have self identified themselves as indigenous groups. This research analyses the factors behind the difference in development levels between Mbororo and Pygmy groups, despite the fact that, they are both marginalized and their political, cultural and social rights as indigenous people are not protected by the Cameroon state. Research findings show that, a community that is well organized and contain a good stock of social capital will do better than a community which is poorly organized and lack social capital. The study also finds out that an indigenous community which is organized and has good social capital will progress to an extent, even if not recognized. This is explained by the fact that such a community will use both its local and international networks to mobilize resources for its development process. Finally, this study notes that the significance of recognition cannot be completely nullified, a community which is well organized, has a good stock of social capital and is recognized by the government will develop much better than one which lacks state recognition. This study sums up with recommendations on how to build social capital in indigenous communities, and also make recommendations to the Cameroon state for recognition, promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous groups in Cameroon. Key words: participatory development, indigenous communities, community organization, social capital and recognition

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TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
ABBREVIATIONS iii
TABLE OF CONTENT iii
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES vii
CHAPTER 1: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION: 1
1.2 Statement of problem 2
1.3 Hypothesis 2
1.4 Assumptions 2
1.4.1 External factors 3
1.4.2 Internal factors 3
1.5 Key conceptual definitions 3
1.5.1 Community organization 3
1.5.2 Technical Citizenship (Individual level) 4
1.5.3 Group citizenship 4
1.5.4 Social capital 5
1.5.5 Recognition of indigenous people 6
1.5.6 Indigenous Knowledge 7
1.5.7 Indigenous Knowledge according to the Mbororo indigenous group of Cameroon 7
1.5.8 Indigenous Knowledge according to the Pygmy indigenous group of Cameroon 7
1.6 Basic Similarities between the Mbororo and pygmy indigenous people 8
1.7 Research questions 8
1.8 Significance of the study 9
1.9 Literature review 9
1.10 Theoretical framework 12
1.11 Method of data collection and analyses 13
1.12 Limitations of the design 15
1.13 Strength of the design 15

CHAPTER 2: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CASE STUDY 16
2.1 INTRODUCTION: 16
2.2 Origin and settlement of the Mbororo and pygmy indigenous people of central Africa 16
2.2.1 The Mbororo indigenous people of Central Africa 17
2.2.2 Pygmy indigenous people of central Africa 17
2.3 Origin, settlement and sub-groups of the Mbororo and Pygmy indigenous people of Cameroon 20
2.4 The Mbororo migration into the grasfileds 23
2.5 Socio-political and economic evolution of the indigenous people of Cameroon (pygmy and Mbororo) in the pre-colonial and colonial era 24
2.5.1 Colonial Rule 24
2.5.2 The natural environment 25
2.5.3 The neighboring environment 25
2.6 The Mbororo in the post colonial era 28
2.7 The pygmies in the post colonial era 29
2.8 Categorization of pygmies’ activities 29
2.9 Social organization of the pygmies and their political evolution in the post colonial period 30
2.10 Mbororo political evolutions in the1990s 31
2.11 Pygmies political situation in the 1990s 32

CHAPTER 3: SOCIAL CAPITAL 35
3.1 INTRODUCTION 35
3.2 Why is social capital important? 35
3.3 Categorization of social capital 36
3.3.1 Bonding social capital 36
3.3.1.1 Similarities between the Mbororo and Pygmy groups in relation to bonding capital 37
3.3.1.2 Differences between the Mbororo and Pygmy groups in relation to bonding capital 37
3.3.1.3 Discussion 38
3.3.2 Bridging social capital 38
3.3.2.1 Similarities between the Mbororo and Pygmy groups in relation to bridging capital 39
3.3.2.2 Differences between the Mbororo and Pygmy groups in relation to bridging capital 40
3.3.3 Linking social capital 41
3.3.3.1 Similarities between the Mbororo and Pygmy groups in relation to linking social capital 42
3.3.3.2 Differences between the Mbororo and Pygmy groups in relation to linking social capital 42
3.4 Examples of social capital in building communities in Africa 46
3.5 Access to a specific type of social capital (media) 48
3.5.1 Access to the media 48
3.6 Indigenous peoples’ participation 51
3.6.1 Contrast between the two groups in relation to participation 51



CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 54
4.1 CONCLUSION 54
4.2 Recommendations on how to build up social capital in pygmy communities 54
4.3 Recommendations to the Cameroon government to recognize and ensure protection of indigenous peoples rights to participate in the planning and implementation of their development plans 56

REFERENCE 59

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: pygmy groups of central Africa 19
Figure 2: Initial settlement of the Mbororo and the Pygmy indigenous groups of Cameroon before spreading to other regions. 21
Figure 3: Current settlement of the Mbororo and Pygmy indigenous people of Cameroon 22
Figure 4: Categories of Pygmies activities 30
Figure 5: Indigenous communities’ social capital paradigm 45

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: The various Pygmy Indigenous groups in the African sub region 18
Table 2: key differences and similarities between the Mbororo and pygmy indigenous groups as perceived in this chapter. 33
Table 3: Mbororo agents and administrative staff native of Noun Division in the west region of Cameroon 52

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