목차

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………….................. 1

1.1 Background …………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 Objective ……………………………………………………………… 3

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………….. 4

2.1 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ………………………………………… 4
2.2 Benefits of conducting LCA …………………………………………... 7
2.3 Limitation of LCA …………………………………………………….. 7
2.4 LCA and time factor …………………………………………………… 8

2.4.1 Time consideration Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) ……… 10
2.4.2 Consideration of time in Characterization step …………………… 10
2.4.3 Consideration of time during Normalization step ………………… 11

2.5 Acidification ………………………………………………………….... 11

2.5.1 Acid deposition process …………………………………………… 12
2.5.2 Substances contributing to the impact category …………………… 12
2.5.3 Acidifying substance emissions trends ……………………………. 14
2.5.4 Sectoral contribution of acidifying substances …………………….. 15
2.5.5 Acidification Potential ……………………………………………… 18
2.5.6 Site specific acidification potential ………………………………… 20
2.5.7 Acidification as an impact category ……………………………….. 21
2.5.8 Regulatory provision to abate acidification ……………………….. 23

2.6 Carrying Capacity ………………………………………………………. 24

2.6.1 Trend of Carrying Capacity ………………………………………… 25
2.6.2 Environmental Carrying Capacity ………………………………….. 26
2 .6.3 Carrying Capacity of Lake ………………………………………..... 27

3. METHODS AND MATERIALS ………………………………………….. 29

3.1 Acidification of Lake ……………………………………………………. 29
3.2 Substance contributing to the acidification category …………………… 29
3.3 Phosphorus mass balance modeling approach for Lake ………………… 30
3.4 Model used to estimate acid deposition application (RAINS Model) …... 31
3.5 Rate Load LCA ………………………………………………………….. 32
3.6 Carrying Capacity of Environmental Impact ……………………………. 43

3.6.1 Rate function LCA related to Carrying Capacity …………………… 36
3.6.2 Fractional depletion of Carrying Capacity …………………………. 39
3.6.3 Calculation of fractional depletion of Carrying Capacity …………... 39

3.7 Critical load and target load ……………………………………………... 40

3.7.1 Calculation of critical load …………………………………………. 41
3.7.2 Determination of target load ……………………………………….. 42

3.8 Comparison of Swedish and Turkish normalization reference of acidification 43
3.9 Weighting factor for acidification in relation to political target ……….. 46
3.10 Carrying Capacity of Acidification impact …………………………… 47

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………….. 49

4.1 Normalization of Acidification parameters ……………………………… 49
4.2 Characterized impact of the rate load LCA and the cumulative LCA …... 50
4.3 Calculation of rate load impact and the cumulative load impact ……….. 51
4.4 Rate load LCA and carrying capacity …………………………………… 54
4.5 Characterized impact of acidification and carrying capacity …………… 55
4.6 Rate function LCA and critical load of acidifying substance in Korea …. 56
4.7 Politically determined carrying capacity and rate load concept…………... 57


5. CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………. 59

References ……………………………………………………………………. 61

Abstract ………………………………………………………………………. 66